Vitamin C Free Essays

Vitamin C –A Natural Antioxidant Concept: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an antioxidant. The amount of vitamin C content in food can be found out by titrating with an oxidising agent, e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Vitamin C or any similar topic only for you Order Now iodine. In the reaction, vitamin C is oxidised, while iodine is reduced to iodide ions. The endpoint is determined by the formation of blue-black starch-iodine complex when all vitamin C is oxidised and excess iodine is free to react with the starch solution added as indicator. Introduction Vitamin C is an important component of a healthy diet. A well-balanced, healthy diet should ensure that there is enough vitamin C to prevent scurvy and other potential health problems. However, if taken in extreme excess, it may also cause harm to our body. Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits such as oranges, limes and grapefruits, and vegetables including tomatoes and green pepper. Vitamin C is easily damaged during food preparation. Moreover, the amount of vitamin C in most foods is usually high enough that the quantity remaining after processing is more than enough for a daily supply. DCPIP is often used as the reagent to test for vitamin C. The amount of vitamin C in a food sample can be found out by titrating with DCPIP as vitamin C can reduce blue DCPIP to colourless. However, it is sometimes difficult to ascertain the endpoint of the titration due to incomplete decolourisation of DCPIP. In this experiment, iodine and starch solutions are used instead of DCPIP to find out the amount of vitamin C in food sample. When iodine solution is added to the food sample, vitamin C is oxidised, while the iodine is reduced to iodide ions. During the reaction, iodine added is immediately reduced to iodide as long as there is any vitamin C present. Once all the vitamin C has been oxidised, the excess iodine will react with the starch indicator, giving a blue-black starch-iodine complex. This is the endpoint and it allows you to estimate the amount of vitamin C in the food sample. Materials ? ? ? 0. 1 % starch solution fruit / vegetable sample (e. g. green pepper, kiwifruit orange) iodine solution (0. 5 g iodine dissolved in 100 ml of 1% potassium iodide solution) ? itamin C solution (1000 mg vitamin C tablet dissolved in 1 litre of distilled/deionised water) ? ? ? ? beaker dropper (1 ml) test tube test tube rack Fig. 1 Materials for the activity Activity: The amount of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables 1. Label four test tubes for holding different sample solutions: vitamin C solution (C), green pepper (G), kiwifruit (K) and orange (O) juices. (Please refer to p. 4 for methods of extraction of fruit juices. ) 2. 3. Ad d 1 ml of vitamin C solution and 5 drops of starch solution into the test tube labeled C. Add iodine solution drop by drop into the test tube until the appearance of permanent trace of blue-black colour. Record the number of drops of iodine solution added. (Note: shake the test tube gently to mix the content after adding each drop of iodine solution). 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for three times and calculate the average number of drops of iodine solution added. 5. 6. 7. Calculate the amount of vitamin C in 1 ml of the vitamin C solution. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for green pepper (G), kiwifruit (K) and orange (O) juices. Tabulate the results and calculate the amount of vitamin C in 1 ml juice of each fruit / vegetable sample. 2 Type of solution Vitamin C solution Green pepper juice Kiwifruit juice Orange juice Average number of drops of iodine solution added Amount of vitamin C in 1 ml solution (mg) Questions for discussion: 1. Would you get the same results if the experiment was repeated after several days using the same solutions? Why? 2. If the orange juice has been left in the refrigerator for a week, what will happen to the amount of vitamin C in the orange juice? Why? Further investigation 1. Investigating the amount of vitamin C in prepackaged fruit juices purchased from the supermarket Some prepackaged fruit juices may contain less amount of vitamin C than that marked in the label. Design an investigation to find out if this is the case. Discuss the experimental design with your classmate before carrying out the investigation. Write a report of your investigation. 2. Investigating the content of antioxidant in green tea Most green tea manufacturers claimed that their products have rich antioxidant components, such as vitamin C. Design an investigation to compare the antioxidant content in different brands of green tea. Discuss the experimental design with your classmate before carrying out the investigation. Write a report of your investigation. Reference Hill, C. (2002). A simple test for vitamin C. School Science Review, 83 (305), 131. 3 NOTES Safety Precaution Handle iodine solution carefully as it is an irritant. Laboratory Preparation I. Extraction of fruit juices 1. Method A Examples: orange, lemon ? ? ? Cut the orange/lemon into two halves. Squeeze one half of the orange/lemon by hand to force out the juice. Filter the juice (to remove the solid tissue) using a filter funnel and a filter cloth. Collect the filtrate using a small beaker. 2. Method B Examples: kiwifruit, honeydew melon, grape ? ? ? ? Remove the skin of the fruit. Cut the fruit into small pieces on a white tile using a knife. Grind the tissue by means of mortar and pestle to obtain about 10 ml of juice. Filter the juice using a filter funnel and a filter cloth. Collect the filtrate using a small beaker. II. Vitamin C is susceptible to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen over time. The sample solutions should be prepared immediately before the titration. Identification of the endpoint in this titration is significantly affected by the colouration of the sample solution used. If the solutions are colourless or are pale in colour, there is no problem in identifying the endpoint. For juices with strong or deep colour, it may be difficult to identify the endpoint. It is advised to carry out a trial titration so as to acquaint yourself with the colour change at the endpoint. For some juices, it may just be darkening of the colour when arriving at the endpoint of the titration. III. 4 How to cite Vitamin C, Essay examples

Understanding Special Needs in Health and Social Care

Question: Describe about the Understanding Special Needs in Health and Social Care? Answer: Introduction: It is important for the health professionals to be fully equipped with a strong understanding of the needs of the individuals that come into their care (Waldman and Perlman, 2003). People are growing older, and technology is becoming a key driver in modern care and so are the needs of service users. Here they focus on the specific needs, social and culture of service users. It provides insight in how health, poverty and social exclusion are interrelated. Here the socio economic health determinate, social capital and inequalities in health were central issues and the contribution from the public health and health promotion sectors (Hartman et al., 2000). Analyze concepts of disability, illness and behavior in relation to Health and social care service users. Health- Heath means a complete mental, social and physical well being and not simply the absence of disease or infirmity. Health can be considered as two main concepts that is positive and negative concept. It is considered as positive concept because it is a feeling of general wellbeing on an individual level and on a social level, and it is considered as social concepts because an individual is regarded as being healthy when not suffering from a particular illness or disease (Investing In Children's Health And Health Care, 2004). Disability-The term disability in modern society has become a social norm. Most people find it difficult to common criteria to described disability, because the reality is individuals are so unique in many different ways. It help the physical impairment that restricts an individual to lead a normal life to get the appropriate education, vocation and recreation (Baumberg, 2013). Primary standard definition of disability is the disabled person with a persistent (physical or mental) health condition or illness. This impairs their functioning capacity and it reduces their ability to carry-out day-to-day activities (Lifshitz and Merrick, 2001). Secondary standard definition of disability is the disabled person with a persistent (physical or mental) health condition or illness. As a result their participation in key area of life is restricted relative to people without impairments (Ohgaki and Kleihues, 2012). Examples of disability and health conditions e.g., Vision, Hearing, Breathing Problems (related to heart or respiratory disease), Learning disability, etc Concept of illness and behavior: Illness people become highly dependent on others. It refers to the certain disabilities which make the person physically impaired for some time or for the prolonged time. Behavior indicates the significant change in behavior of the people which lead to the depression in people or some mental illness. Due to this sometime they become more aggressive and look unkempt. It indicated that the illness process is used to negotiate a range of culture, social and personal tensions in the home or in the community at large. It must be mentioned that the health and social care the issues of disability and behavior which are very challenging (Sirri, Fava and Sonino, 2013). Disability model: The two disability model, are social and medical model, and these are the basic difference if medical and social models: In Medical model disability is a deficiency or abnormality were as in social model disability is difference. In medical model being disabled is negative were as in social model being disabled, in itself, is natural. In medical model disability resides in the individual were as in social model disability derives from interaction between the individual and society. Mention verbrugge and jatte framework and explain: Figure: Social model of disability (Connors and Stalker, 2007) Assess how perceptions of specific needs have changed over time. The perceptions of specific needs have changed over time from welfare to medical model to social model. Disability was formerly based on charity, then to welfare, to right based laws, and finally the new disability business case. Individual with disability feels that the social environment creates the disadvantages that the people with disabilities face (Groups with specific needs, 2006). The perception towards disabilities ranges across many culture despite the fact that a more positives approach is being towards accepting this phenomena. People with learning disability forms a heterogeneous group in relation to the age, disability degree and the associated problem. In past there are the hospitals established with the aim of giving proper care to the people with the specific needs due to prolonged physical and mental illness, but with the times hospitals become overcrowded and the quality are declined. The professional staffs then shifted to the specialist work communities that work ed with the people with specific needs due to the learning disabilities. Here they describe the Maslows hierarchy of needs: Figure: Maslow Hierarchy of needs (Lester, 2013) Analyze the impact of legislation, social policy, society and culture on the ways that services are made available for individuals with Specific needs There are number of government legislation that seeks to promote the right of people with disabilities in the UK. Some of this, act are Equality Act 2006 (Humphreys, 2010), Disability Discrimination Act (Briefing: The Disability Discrimination Act requires employers to make..., 2000), Special Educational needs and Disability Act 2001 (Davies, 2003). These, acts are become illegal to discriminates, against anybody based on their disabled. Educational institutions urged to make reasonable adjustments to every disabled child and they have a substantial advantage in accessing educational services. Disability Discrimination act also makes it illegal to exclude a child either temporarily or permanently from school. They say that there are many procedures to follow when dealing with disability issues in educational institution. Culture, has its own impacts on the way services are provided for people with specific needs. It influences a persons preference when it comes to how they are cared for. Every culture has one form of health beliefs. Society, has its own impact either it can encourage or discourage the show of equal respect and value for people with special needs. Analyse the care needs of individuals with specific needs Individual with specific needs needed to be provided with the care on the basis of this principle and depending on the nature of their needs (Improving Risk Analysis: Policies, Practices and Individual Needs, 2008). In this they have to provide with treatment and also specialized services. Their physiological needs should be taken care of, and this can be done through the provision of medical management, health care intervention, or use of specialized services or program. Certain individual with the specific needs such as patients with dementia need to be provided with both medical and emotional care this will help them to feel comfortable about the condition. People with learning disability usually have limited access to health care needs because they dont understand their sicknesses and also cannot express themselves. There is one way to help them by using picture and charts for better communication. When we become knowledgeable about their behavior then we can help them while discovering some discomfort n them. Whenever there is a change in behavior will indicate that they are ill. Therefore, a career needs to be observant and understand when there is a mood change in a client with learning disability. Explain current systems for supporting individuals with specific needs. There are so many organizations at governmental and non-governmental levels that supports individual with specific needs and they all follow the government policies and regulation. There is some of the organization which is mention below: Legislation: Strengthening the rights of children and young people with disabilities and special educational needs to be educated in mainstream schools which are the special educational needs and disability act law (PUBLIC HEALTH LEGISLATION, 2009). Non-profit organization: Here the special needs program was founded by parents of disabled children. The organization has to register with the internal revenue service as a human services agency and has a tax exempt status (Prugsamatz, 2010). Voluntary: There are the voluntary organizations which support the individual with specific needs. Like for example, Disability Alliances is a national registered charity which works to relieve the poverty and improve the living standard of disabled people. Their aim is to break the line between poverty and disability (Taylor, 2005). Evaluate the services available in a chosen locality for individuals with specific needs In each locality there are services which are available for individual with specific needs to enjoy. These specific and individual needs will help them more presentable in public and make them feel among. For example in the borough of Bromley there are some specific needs of individual includes adults who have physical disabilities, sensory impairments, mental health needs and learning disabilities. The excess of mortality experienced by people with learning disabilities is related to associated conditions, likes severe mobility impairments, seizures, vision impairments, etc. On the health front, there are some local medical centers which is designated to support patients with specific needs (Bromley, 2010). Another example can be cited in the case of Essex country council and the types of measures that have implemented in tackling the needs of people with specific needs (Cavill, 2014). These services are divided among three authorities as the Essex fire authority, the health and social care services for both adults and children in services of special needs. Safeguarding Health Childrens services. Explain the approaches and interventions available to support individuals with specific needs The list of the approaches which is available to support any of the individual with their specific needs of the health care system includes: Self help: It is a self improvement process of economic basis, intellectual basis or emotional basis and often also psychological basis. There are many of the programs e self-help which has their own procedures, benefits and focus. It also tells about the self approach which improvises the condition of the health care. Self-help is also known as self-improvement. Advocacy - Advocacy includes the acts of pleading, supporting or recommending. It includes all about the range of the methods and techniques which are used to improve the norms, practices, human behavior which acts as obstacles or barriers in the way of development and the differences of the discrimination towards the disabled (Sims, 2008). Evidence-based practice This approach is more popular among the national and international approach which is taken for the health care system. In evidence based approach there are three levels: intersectional assessment, national policy of health-care and evidence based medicine on the daily basis. In this it also includes the process which demonstrates the efficiency of the people (Evidence-Based Practice, 2000). Autonomy and empowerment In autonomy and empowerment it considers all the opportunities on the basis of which the assessment of the disabled people can be done. It also includes the responsibility for the society, environment which affects on the health issues. To improve the health issues they also introduced the some required medication program and the therapies which will helps to improve the health care issues. Under intervention issues it includes some types of interventions. The list of those interventions is discussed below (Future Issues of Interventions, 2000): Physical interventions Under physical intervention it comes the most suitable medications and the therapies. In it there is the possibility of the external things which helps in restoring all the needed functions so that they can maintain the physical needs which helps to regain the normal life. Psychological interventions Due to the challenging human behavior, the psychological interventions plays the vital role. It also helps him to raise the morale of the life and to introduce the positive thinking of the life. It also helps to cure the depression, mental pressure, anxiety and the tendency to attempt suicide. Educational interventions under educational interventions it comes all the important information which are the basic requirements of the health care issues. This information should be provided among all the health care workers and the peoples. These types of information are needed in the better improvement of the health care issues. Vocational interventions In this intervention it gives the some of the training on vocation which helps them to earn money so that they can become self sufficient in their own life. The main things about this are to regain all the physical, psychological and the social needs to some extent so that anyone can be self sufficient to carry out their own life. It will help them to regain their normal life. Evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies for an individual with specific need(s). The intervention strategies are vital for all the people. It helps them in such a way that it improves the current situations of the people (Voyzey, 2009). The physical intervention helps them acquire the physical strength which includes all the therapies, exercises which improves the joint treatments of the people. It also has the provision which helps them to improve the external needs. It also needed to restrain the functions which are lost and also helps them to restrain the physical needs so that it is easy to become normal in the life. To get success in the physical intervention, psychological intervention also plays an important role so that it can improve the morale and also helps to build positive intention to get normal in the life. Through this it helps to improve the depression of the life, tendency to do suicide, anxiety issues and the change of the personality. The educational intervention helps them to get the sufficient ideas about the health issues so that it can improve and the vocational intervention helps them to get self sufficient so that it helps to get the independence to improve their daily life. It also helps them to acquire the appropriate knowledge about the current situation and also how to improve their situation to get the better life. They also can issues the self help techniques to make their life independent and also bring it to normal. Discuss the potential impact of emerging developments on support for individuals with specific needs. Under the emerging development, it comes the medical and technical intervenes, changes of the policies and norms and both the national and international points. Under the impacts of the potential emerging developments it includes (Willetts, 2014): To denote all the preferences and the choices. Policies and the norms Differences of the risk, autonomy and independences Right to have the self protection and also provide the protection for others Remedy versus the needs of alleviation Explain different concepts of challenging behavior. The challenging behavior includes the temper problems, uncooperative nature, showing the anger on others etc (Challenging Behaviour, Mental Health, and Offending, 2012). These types of problem generally occur due to the mental illness, much consumption of drugs, alcohols, brain disabilities, etc. The challenging behavior which consider as abusive includes: Physical abusive nature like assaulting. Behavior of self destruction Behavior of destruction of the environment. Behavior of destruction towards the property. Illegal attitude. Behavior of destruction of others. The factors which influence to occur the challenging behavior are listed below (Lindgaard and Narasimhan, 2008): Physical misbalance Mental misbalance Sexual problem Learning problem Disturbance in the sleep Perception problem Emotionally weakness e.g. fear, frustration, anxiety etc. Social problem like relation problem, anxiety problem, etc Describe the potential impact of challenging behavior on health and social care organizations. The potential impacts for which the people are suffering from the challenging behavior problem are given below (Interprofessional Practice in Health and Social Care: Challenging the Shared Learning Agenda, 2002): They are kept isolated which actually means they are not given to kept the contact with their family, friends, neighbors etc They are suffering from the memory problem. They are suffering from the difficulty to communicate with the others They are much more addicted to the drugs and alcohols. More emotional and the financial supports are needed. The most risk factors for the challenging behavior are as follows: Depression of the careers. Isolation from the social culture. Patients of domestic violence. Physical and verbal aggression problem Inability to adjust and cope up with the stress. Analyze strategies for working with challenging behaviors. The codes act as key steps in the introduction of the regulation systems of the social care (Hastings and Brown, 2002). They also to ensure and give the trust to the people that the employer who acts as social care providers also have to understand all the responsibilities and the functions they are performing. They also should get the appropriate understanding how to handle the social groups who are needed with the social care providers. The social care council comes with some of the codes which are needed for the social workers (McLaughlin, 2008). The partnership legislations come with some of the outcomes which have some of the positive nature in the form to give the people some of the extra care of the specific needs of the problem. These legislations also have some of the goods which helped in some of the factors: To builds some of the principles and the values. Being agreed with some of the specific things belongs in the policies. To determine the boundaries on which they have to agree. To ensure the leadership affectivity. To give some extra attention towards the attitude and on the mutual consent. To provide the capacity toward the sufficient development. Conclusion: By concluding this it describes how to analyze the whole concept of the health issues, disability problem, illness and the behavior problem to the users of the health and social care services. It also describes about the perceptions of the needs of the people which might changed according to the time. It also assesses the impact which occurs due to the society policy, culture and the services which are made to get available for all the individuals with all the needs specifically. It helps to analyze the care needs of the individuals all of the specific needs, give description about the current systems for the individuals support with all the specific needs, evaluation of the services which are available with the locations of the individuals, give the explanation of the approaches which are available to give the support to individual needs, discuss the impacts which are potentially emerging with all of the development of the individuals with their specific needs and also have some of the many points which are described on the above study. References Baumberg, B. (2013). Understanding disability policy.Disability Society, 28(3), pp.427-428. Briefing: The Disability Discrimination Act requires employers to make... (2000).BMJ, 321(7264), pp.3a-3. Bromley, M. (2010). Michael Bromley (The University of Queensland, Australia).Media History, 16(4), pp.427-430. Cavill, P. (2014). The Essex inquisitions of 1556: the Colchester certificate.Hist Res, 87(238), pp.751-763. Challenging Behaviour, Mental Health, and Offending. (2012).Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(7-8), pp.673-692. Connors, C. and Stalker, K. (2007). Childrens experiences of disability: pointers to a social model of childhood disability.Disability Society, 22(1), pp.19-33. Davies, M. (2003). The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001--The implications for higher education.Education and the Law, 15(1), pp.19-45. Evidence-Based Practice. (2000).JAMA, 283(17), p.2306. Future Issues of Interventions. (2000).Interventions, 2(3), pp.479-479. Groups with specific needs. (2006).Family Practice, 23(Supplement 1), pp.51-53. Hartman, A., Depoy, E., Francis, C. and Gilmer, D. (2000). Adolescents with Special Health Care Needs in Transition.Social Work in Health Care, 31(4), pp.43-57. Hastings, R. and Brown, T. (2002). Coping Strategies and the Impact of Challenging Behaviors on Special Educators' Burnout.Mental Retardation, 40(2), pp.148-156. Humphreys, S. (2010). The Equality Act, 2010.Research Ethics, 6(3), pp.95-95. Improving Risk Analysis: Policies, Practices and Individual Needs. (2008).Risk Analysis, 28(6), pp.1491-1492. Interprofessional Practice in Health and Social Care: Challenging the Shared Learning Agenda. (2002).Health Social Care in the Community, 10(1), pp.58-59. Investing In Children's Health And Health Care. (2004).Health Affairs, 23(5), pp.112-112. Lester, D. (2013). MEASURING MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 1.Psychological Reports, 113(1), pp.15-17. Lifshitz, H. and Merrick, J. (2001). Jewish Law and the Definition of Mental Retardation.Journal of Religion, Disability Health, 5(1), pp.39-51. Lindgaard, G. and Narasimhan, S. (2008). Factors influencing feature usage in work-related communication.Behaviour Information Technology, 27(2), pp.153-168. McLaughlin, K. (2008). The Social Worker versus the General Social Care Council: An Analysis of Care Standards Tribunal Hearings and Decisions.British Journal of Social Work, 40(1), pp.311-327. Ohgaki, H. and Kleihues, P. (2012). The Definition of Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma.Clinical Cancer Research, 19(4), pp.764-772. Prugsamatz, R. (2010). Factors that influence organization learning sustainability in nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ profit organizations.The Learning Organization, 17(3), pp.243-267. PUBLIC HEALTH LEGISLATION. (2009).JAMA, 301(11), p.1182. Sims, S. (2008). Advocacy in Action: TIPS TECHNIQUES: Advocacy ABC's.Strategies, 21(5), pp.35-37. Sirri, L., Fava, G. and Sonino, N. (2013). The Unifying Concept of Illness Behavior.Psychother Psychosom, 82(2), pp.74-81. Taylor, R. (2005). Rethinking voluntary work.The Sociological Review, 53, pp.117-135. The Lancet, (2009). Disability: beyond the medical model.The Lancet, 374(9704), p.1793. Voyzey, G. (2009). Intervention Strategies for the Staged Individual With Dementia.Perspect Gerontol, 14(1), p.19. Waldman, H. and Perlman, S. (2003). Collaboration Between Social Workers and Dentists for Care of People with Special Health Needs (A Commentary).Social Work in Health Care, 37(2), pp.101-107. Willetts, A. (2014). Support plans must embrace individual needs.Nurs Residential Care, 16(4), pp.231-231.

Article Synopsys on Public Administration

Article Synopsys on Public Administration The article under consideration is called Post-foundational development management – power, politics and complexity and written by Christ Mowles (2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Article Synopsys on Public Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author discusses the place of management theories in learning and development theories as well as how they are applied to introduce changes and improvement. Particularly, the author focuses on post-foundational management theory based on the principles of emergence. The work combines empirical and theoretical framework for analyzing the major aspects and strategies needed to upgrading the development management. Investigating future perspectives of improvements and programs, the research also places an emphasis on such concepts as predictability, control, emergency, and system change. All the above-described aspects are considered in regional context that provides a favorable ground for more effective implementation of theoretical approaches. In addition, the author provides some historical facts and a comparative analysis of theories for the audience to have clearer understanding of their essence. While discussing particular theories, the author resorts to assessment of post-foundational management within the local context believing that this principle creates a number of positive perspectives for improvement of public sphere. To enlarge on this, Mowles believes that strategies and generalized plans are always perceived in particular contexts with certain actors participating in political cooperation aimed at grouping their efforts and sharing their experience in overcoming particular problems. In this respect, an alternative theory put forward by the research draws on the concept of emergence, a condition under which all governmental and managerial procedures can be considerably improved. This is explained by the fact that qui ck adjustment to changes creates a number of benefits in critical situations, especially when time is of primary importance.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering these concepts, the author reaches a conclusion that, even if future perspectives and strategies are idealized and, sometimes, far from reality, planning and projecting intension can better assist in meeting the future goals rather than taking no measures at all. In the article, the author presents a well-planned presentation of arguments and approaches used to assert the validity and reliability of facts. More importantly, the author has managed to sustain the balance between theoretical and empirical information applied. It should also be stressed that the main hypothesis of the paper is quite specific and consistent with the proposed supportive arguments. However, excessive reference to theoret ical materials provides a number of ambiguities that prevent readers from understanding the connection between practical and theoretical information. Despite that, the major strength of the article lies in a multidimensional approach the author has chosen for considering one theory within different contexts. The writing style of the article refers to scientific genre, because the researcher resorts to a great number of business and scientific terms. Nevertheless, the abundance of terminology does not distort the overall impression from the text. The information is logical and consistent where each argument is supported by evidence and facts. Besides the explanation for the key concepts, such as emergency, development management, post-foundational management, emergence, and future perspective, is provided in a well-grounded and detailed manner. In general, the article will be of great significance and relevance to the sphere of public administrations because it provides readers with a number of important theoretical approaches aimed at improving public infrastructure. What is more important is that consideration of local context can give a better picture of how management theories contribute to the improvement of administration policies. Reference List Mowles, C. (March, 2010). Post-Foundational Development Management – Power, Politics and Complexity. Public Development and Administration. 30(2), pp. 149-158.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Article Synopsys on Public Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Free Essays on “The Book Of Job“

â€Å"The Book of Job† The Book of Job, in the Old Testament of the Bible, is a complex wisdom writing that uses a blend of prose and poetry in dramatic form to explore the perennial problem of innocent suffering and God’s justice. The principal figure of the book is Job, a pious Jew afflicted with disease and stripped of all his goods. The free and imaginative transformations of Job figure are literarily comparable to Shakespeare’s treatment of Hamlet and Goethe’s use of Faust (Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001). Throughout the drama, Job asserts his innocence of wrong, thereby rejecting the traditional view that suffering is the result of sin. The humble and patient Job who bears his sufferings as proofs of piety, however, becomes the raging and insistent Job pressing relentlessly for divine vindication in the dialogue that forms the main part of the book. The argument is pursued through three cycles of speeches in which Job’s three friends, Eliphaz, Bilbad, and Zophar chide the hero and he, in answering them, challenges God. Job’s final self defense and call upon the deity is answered by God’s speech from a whirlwind in which Job is invited to trust in the divine omniscience and power. This direct experience of the mysteries of God leaves Job at peace with himself. Although no final solution to the problem is offered. Many interpreters assign the prologue and epilogue to an earlier or later hand, and it widely assumed that the poem on wisdom (chap. 28) and the speeches (Chaps. 32-37) of a fourth friend (Elihu) inserted after the dialogues were added later, because they interrupt the flow of the a rgument. The Book of Job consists of five distinct sections: a prose prologue (chap. 1-2); a series of dramatic discourses between Job and three of his friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (chap. 3-31); a discourse between Job and Elihu, a fourth friend (chap. 32-37); God’s speeches from the whirlwind (38:1-42:6); and ... Free Essays on â€Å"The Book Of Jobâ€Å" Free Essays on â€Å"The Book Of Jobâ€Å" â€Å"The Book of Job† The Book of Job, in the Old Testament of the Bible, is a complex wisdom writing that uses a blend of prose and poetry in dramatic form to explore the perennial problem of innocent suffering and God’s justice. The principal figure of the book is Job, a pious Jew afflicted with disease and stripped of all his goods. The free and imaginative transformations of Job figure are literarily comparable to Shakespeare’s treatment of Hamlet and Goethe’s use of Faust (Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001). Throughout the drama, Job asserts his innocence of wrong, thereby rejecting the traditional view that suffering is the result of sin. The humble and patient Job who bears his sufferings as proofs of piety, however, becomes the raging and insistent Job pressing relentlessly for divine vindication in the dialogue that forms the main part of the book. The argument is pursued through three cycles of speeches in which Job’s three friends, Eliphaz, Bilbad, and Zophar chide the hero and he, in answering them, challenges God. Job’s final self defense and call upon the deity is answered by God’s speech from a whirlwind in which Job is invited to trust in the divine omniscience and power. This direct experience of the mysteries of God leaves Job at peace with himself. Although no final solution to the problem is offered. Many interpreters assign the prologue and epilogue to an earlier or later hand, and it widely assumed that the poem on wisdom (chap. 28) and the speeches (Chaps. 32-37) of a fourth friend (Elihu) inserted after the dialogues were added later, because they interrupt the flow of the a rgument. The Book of Job consists of five distinct sections: a prose prologue (chap. 1-2); a series of dramatic discourses between Job and three of his friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (chap. 3-31); a discourse between Job and Elihu, a fourth friend (chap. 32-37); God’s speeches from the whirlwind (38:1-42:6); and ...

Burger Kings famous advertising slogan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Burger Kings famous advertising slogan - Essay Example For instance, in case consumers switch to certain brands, producers follow suite and produce goods to meet this target group. Starbucks is one of the brands that follow the need for customization and immediacy. The company launched restaurants to serve food while it expanded its coffee offering. Several companies spend a lot of money on research and marketing to find out the kind of products that customers desire upfront. The need for customization and immediacy is well accepted factor among producers (Ferrell 114). Marketing evolved from the need to understand the consumer and as a result, marketers had to come up with strategies that could focus on the customer. This has been practised over a long period of time. In the past, goods were produced for the purposes of serving customers with quality goods. This was continued further when production was enhanced and customers were now sold goods due to increased production. In these early days, production was not done to suit consumer needs but rather it was driven by consumer wants (Ferrell 88). However, in the recent past marketing has been done to focus on customer needs and expectations. As a result, the customer has been bombarded by goods and products that are suited and catered for their needs. For instance, Apple produces handsets that are suited for consumers since it ends up meeting the expectations of the consumer. However, today consumerism is driven by social changes and values such as fashion, technology and other current trends. For instance, Google allows for its users to have choice on the services they require. Marketing concept involves understanding the needs and goals of different target markets with the need of achieving organizational goals to consumers better than the organization’s competitors. While, on the other hand societal marketing is that the company should market their goods based on the consumer’s wants/needs, the company’s requirement long-term

Finite Element Analysis of structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finite Element Analysis of structures - Essay Example Each element contains nodes which are points were the elements are mathematically connected to one another. The idea of dividing a domain up into subdomains is the basic principle of how FEA works' FEA consists of a computer model of a material or design that is stressed and analyzed for specific results. It is used in new product design, and existing product refinement. A company is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the client's specifications prior to manufacturing or construction. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to qualify the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA may be used to help determine the design modifications to meet the new condition. There are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry: 2-D modeling, and 3-D modeling. While 2-D modeling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a relatively normal computer, it tends to yield less accurate results. 3-D modeling, however, produces more accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but the fastest computers effectively. Within each of these modeling schemes, the programmer can insert numerous algorithms (functions) which may make the system behave linearly or non-linearly. Linear systems are far less complex and generally do not take into account plastic deformation. Non-linear systems do account for plastic deformation, and many also are capable of testing a material all the way to fracture. How Does Finite Element Analysis Work' FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes which make a grid called a mesh . This mesh is programmed to contain the material and structural properties which define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions. Nodes are assigned at a certain density throughout the material depending on the anticipated stress levels of a particular area. Regions which will receive large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than those which experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of: fracture point of previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and high stress areas. The mesh acts like a spider web in that from each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the adjacent nodes. This web of vectors is what carries the material properties to the object, creating many elements. A wide range of objective functions (variables within the system) are available for minimization or maximization: Mass, volume, temperature Strain energy, stress strain Force, displacement, velocity, acceleration Synthetic (User defined) There are multiple loading conditions which may be applied to a system. Next to Figure 3, some examples are shown: Point, pressure (Figure 3), thermal, gravity, and centrifugal static loads Thermal loads from solution of heat transfer analysis Enforced displacements Heat flux and convection Point, pressure and gravity dynamic loads Each FEA program may come with an element library, or one is constructed over time. Some sample elements are: Rod elements Beam elements Plate/Shell/Composite elements Shear panel Solid elements Spring elements Mass elements Rigid elements Viscous damping elements Many FEA programs also are equipped with the capability to use multiple materials within the structure such as: Isotropic, identical throughout Orthotropic, identical at 90 degrees General anisotropic, different throughout Types of

Validity and Reliability of the Myers Briggs Test Term Paper

Validity and Reliability of the Myers Briggs Test - Term Paper Example The history of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator holds accountable Carl Jung and his personality theory as the primary basis and the chief influence of Katharine C. Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers in the development of the MBTI, a project that lasted for two decades and a half (Bayne, 1997; Morgan & Morgan, 2007; Quenk, 2009).   Jung published his book â€Å"Psychological Types† in the early 1920’s which was later on translated in English and published in America.   Briggs at that time was also developing her own theory of personality types which she later on abandoned upon discovery of Jung’s theory which resembled her ideas but had better structure and form.   It then started the long journey of Briggs and Myers that concluded with the creation of the MBTI.   Guided by Jung’s theory, their observations of individuals led them to the conclusion that â€Å"typology could provide a useful way of describing healthy personality differences and importantly, that such assessment could be put to practical use in people’s lives† (Morgan & Morgan, 2007, p. 336). Such non-judgmental and realistic underpinnings of the instrument are perhaps the reasons for its massive influence and application. It is interesting to note that none of them have studied and trained under Jungian psychoanalysis yet they accepted his ideas and studied it enthusiastically for 25 years. To begin with, both were not psychologists and do not have a strong foundation in statistics.   In the 1940’s, psychological testing was a very young field and inventory type questionnaires were not popular.   While psychology often measures characteristic, Myers and Briggs were more drawn towards preferences which identify the dominant functions of individuals.   At that time, they did not have the convenience of computers making item analysis, so they relied heavily on friends who they classified as â€Å"thinking† and â€Å"feel ing† individuals.