Food preservation Essay

Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 1) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 2) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 3) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 4) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 5) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 6) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 7) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 8) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 9) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 10). Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 11) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 12) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 13) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 14) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 15) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 16) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 17) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 18) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 19) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 20) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 21) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 22) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai. The company operates on medium scale. Organization structure: Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited currently employs 21 people in the company who are working across various departments. 06 People works in the Marketing department, 02 People in the HR department and 10 people works in manufacturing department. The company has its own farm and hence have hired 03 farmers for it. There are Products: The Company have different kinds of processed food products, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. All the products of the Company are processed and packed in clean & Hygienic environment with special emphasize to keep the products natural as much as possible and therefore they try to avoid using preservatives and chemicals in the products as much as they can. Below is the detailed list of products. Spices 1) 23) Vaish Vik Foods Private Limited Introduction : Vaish vik foods private Limited is in the business of Marketing Export and supply of food products. The company also exports nutritional fresh fruits, seasonal fresh fruits and handpicked fresh fruits. The company also sells ready to cook products in the brand name of Eat well. The company was incorporated in the year 2000. Vikas Dangad is the managing director and founder of the company. The company is Headquartered in Pune and have a branch in London and Mumbai.

Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies

It has been more than five centuries since Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. We know a great deal about Columbus, of course, and about the Europeans and Africans who crossed the Atlantic after him. We know much less about the â€Å"Indians. † as Columbus mistakenly called them?the people already living in America. But we are learning more all the time, so I want to talk about early contacts between Native Americans and newcomers.We now estimate that as many as seven million people were living in North America 500 years ago, and that their ancestors had been on this continent for at least thirteen thousand years. For all this time?hundreds of generations?they had remained isolated from Asia and Africa and Europe, building their own separate world. Over many centuries, these first North Americans developed diverse cultures that were as varied as the landscapes they lived in. And they developed hundreds of different languages.Looking back, what can we say about early enc ounters between these diverse Native Americans and the strange newcomers who arrived from across the ocean? Let me give you a few things to think about. Remember, first of all, that these Minimal contacts stretched over the entire continent and occurred over several centuries. The encounters were nearly as varied as the people involved. But key issues such as language, belief, technology, and disease arose regularly in different times and places. We may never know exactly about the first contacts from overseas.Long before Columbus, occasional boats may have arrived across the North Pacific from Asia, or across the Atlantic from Africa or Europe. They may have sailed intentionally or drifted by mistake. But such encounters were brief. So was the encounter with Norse Vikings. They visited Newfoundland in Canada about 1,000 years ago?nearly 500 years before Columbus. Their little colony of 160 people was short-lived. We know from sagas (family stories passed down orally across generati ons) that local Inhabitants attacked the Norse settlers, forcing them to retreat to Greenland after several years.In contrast, the newcomers who followed Columbus after 1492 proved far more numerous and more willing to stay. Though few In numbers at first, these European strangers brought supplies and then enforcements from across the sea. Now, imagine that you are one of those newcomers, approaching my small portion of North America for the first time. As Native American, I have diverse friends and enemies living all around me, and because I engage in trade I am used to encounters with strangers who do not speak my language.But you are different in various ways, and I have probably already heard rumors about you?some true and some false? from neighbors who have seen your ships. And believe me, your ships are a big surprise. My people live near the ocean, and we understand boats. But when we addle out to observe you, we are Impressed by the size of your ship, with Its tall masts. On the East Coast, I greet you from a birch-bark canoe or a dugout canoe. Indians are small. If you enter Upset Sound, the cypress canoes of the Northwest Coast Indians are much larger.Maybe you are Russian fur-hunters reaching Alaska. If so, you are amazed at my light, quick kayak. If you are the English explorer James Cook approaching Hawaii for the first time, you are struck to see our outrigger canoes and surf boards. One way or another, we can push off from the beach or the river mouth and visit your ocean-going vessel. But it is strange for us; you needed iron tools to create this ship, huge sheets of cloth to make it sail, and navigational charts to find your way. We have none of these.On the other hand, you are totally ignorant of our home waters. It is no secret that along Florist's coast and North Carolina's Outer Banks, Native Americans often found European shipwrecks. We Indians know ?and we may be willing to tell you?which anchoring spots give protection from storms. We k now the local streams and which house sites might flood in springtime. We know where there is fresh water?which you probably need after weeks at sea? ND we know sources of food for every time of year.The Indians in New England, watching the Pilgrims starve at Plymouth, showed them how to locate clams in the mudflats at low tide, how to trap fish, how to plant corn, and how to hunt strange, tasty birds called turkeys. But not all first encounters occurred near the coast. Before the middle of the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers were marching inland so far and so fast that rumors of their arrival scarcely had time to precede them. In the 1 sass, Native peoples living in the Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas ere surprised by the fierce invasion of Despot and his army.At the same time, Indians further west on the Great Plains experienced the sudden arrival of Coronal's force, traveling from New Mexico on horseback in search of sudden wealth. In these two instances, and in many later confrontations, Europeans reacted at first with disappointment, frustration, and violence. The new environment seemed strange and dangerous; local people did not fit European hopes and expectations. For Native Americans, the most serious outcome of initial encounters, whether near he ocean or far inland, was the arrival of contagious diseases?unfamiliar sicknesses that they had never experienced.Again and again, foreign newcomers brought deadly illnesses with them. Three hundred years would elapse between the early Spanish explorations and the forced removal of Native Americans from much of the expanding United States in the asses. That is a huge stretch of time, and the encounters between Indians and non-landing varied widely across those three centuries. Gradually, especially in the East, Non-landing gained the upper hand in terms of sheer numbers. Some general estimates regarding the southeast, from Virginia to East Texas, illustrate this point.In 1700, four out of fi ve persons in the entire region were Indians. But by 1800, Indian numbers had declined and the European and African population had risen so fast that scarcely one person in thirty was a Native American. If sickness and death moved unevenly in one direction, from non-landing to Indian, Christianity moved in the same direction. Many of the earliest encounters involved missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant, who worked energetically to convert Native Americans to their Christian faith.In New England, the Reverend John Eliot spent years translating the Bible into the Massachusetts language, and in 1663 he printed 1000 copies to be used by converts known as efforts often met with fierce resistance. In the Southwest, Catholic priests and missionaries accompanied the earliest Spanish settlers in New Mexico, and efforts began around 1600 to suppress the Pueblo religion with harsh punishments. But Pueblo leaders fought back. In the successful â€Å"Pueblo Revolt† of 1680, Indian r ebels expelled the Spanish colonizers.The Pueblos attacked missionaries, burned churches, and punished Christian converts. While the Christian religion and the strange new diseases moved in one direction, education and trade moved in two directions. Let's take education first. Europeans were a literate society; many could write letters and read books. In America they began to share this powerful tool through schools. In the seventeenth century, Harvard build a separate Indian college on its campus. In the eighteenth century, Dartmouth College in New Hampshire emphasized Native American education, at least for a few.But at the same time, Indians who understood the American land and the natural world offered education to the newcomers. They were constantly explaining matters of geography, climate, and food. They knew when to plant and harvest crops, when fish were plentiful in certain streams, when the abundant oak trees dropped their acorns. Then knew which plants were edible, and ho w to track game. Gradually they shared their knowledge with newcomers. In Louisiana, white settlers often sent a young son to live among the local Indians to learn their language and pave the way for future trade.Trading, like education, was a two-way street. From the start, Europeans were scouring the land for items they could ship home and sell at a profit. Precious metals or spices would be best, but they saw few signs of these items. What they found instead was fur. In the Southeast, the soft hides of whitetail deer could be scraped and packed and shipped to Europe to make aprons and gloves. In New England and Canada, the pelts of beaver could be sent across the Atlantic to hat makers for the creation of fashionable beaver hats.Along the Northwest Coast, Russian traders obtained the valuable pelts of sea otters, which they could trade to the Chinese for spices and tea. More often than not, it was the Native Americans who hunted the animals and processed the pelts for shipment ab road. But if people in Europe and Asia were eager for North American furs of all sorts, Native Americans were equally eager for unfamiliar trade items from Europe. Indians exchanged hides and pelts for woolen blankets and coats, yards of cloth and ribbons, supplies of buttons, beads, and thread.Metal items of all kinds represented new and dramatic improvements in a world where utensils were shaped slowly from wood and rocks and clay. Metal knives and needles had obvious appeal. Metal pots, though heavy, were more durable and more versatile than clay pots. Besides, if they were poorly made and sprung leaks, they could be broken into pieces to be shaped into sharp arrowheads. When Dutch traders moved up the Hudson River to barter with the Indians for furs, the Mohawk called them â€Å"Kristin,† meaning â€Å"metal makers. Iron axes and hatchets were especially desirable. Native Americans knew how to kill trees by peeling off layers of bark. They could fell them by slowly burni ng away the base. But a durable metal axe made it possible to shape wood rapidly, whether building a house, carving a totem pole, or hollowing a dugout canoe. Various kinds of rum and spirits also figured early and often in the trade. Hard liquor gave European traders an person consuming alcohol also became less alert?more subject to an unfair trade or a robbery.Two other unfamiliar items?the gun and the horse?swept across North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth century as a result of trade between Indians and non-landing. Laws passed in Spain prohibited Spanish colonists in the Southwest from trading guns to Indians. So guns moved steadily westward instead, purchased from the French and Dutch and English in the East. Once a tribe acquired guns through the fur trade, neighboring tribes worked desperately to acquire similar weapons, or else they risked being defeated in war or outdone as hunters and fur traders.The horse, reintroduced into North America by the Spanish in the Southwest, moved in the opposite direction, After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, horses spread north and east across the Great Plains?traded from one nation to another, or stolen in order to gain new mobility and power. A map shows clearly how the horse frontier and the gun frontier pushed in opposite directions. During the 18th century, tribes such as the Sioux on the Northern Plains and the Comanche on the Southern Plains gained access to both guns and horses, giving their cultures great power.For a long time, these complex exchanges proved mutually beneficial. Both Indians and non- Indians felt they were gaining valuable benefits from trade. But eventually, major changes undercut and ended this beneficial and agreeable trade. For one thing, the non-landing population continued to grow, while the Indian numbers declined sharply as a result of warfare and disease. But even more importantly, European newcomers sired Indian land even more than they wanted peaceful trade.Soon, land it self became an item of trade, and land that could not be bought was taken by force. Gradually, we are learning more about early contacts between Indians and non- Indians, and the way these relationships changed over time. The contacts were numerous and varied. They took a different shape in every part of the continent, depending upon which Indian cultures lived there and which foreigners first invaded their land. At first, these contacts were often mutually beneficial, as strangers learned from, and traded with, one another.But later, sickness, warfare, and crushing demands for land changed these connections. Contacts became more lopsided and destructive, through long chapters of our history. So, from now on, I hope that any time you see a horse or a rifle or a metal pot or a colorful ribbon you will think about these early contacts between Native Americans who had lived here for untold generations and newcomers who have been here scarcely five centuries. After all, these varied con nections are a rich and forgotten part of our shared heritage here in North America. Thanks for Joining me.

Base Multiplier Approach to Money Supply

Base Multiplier Approach to Money Supply Traditionally, it has been shown controversially that money supply is determined using the base multiplier approach. ‘The multiplier model of the money supply, originally developed by Brunner (1961) and Brunner and Meltzer (1964) has become the standard model to explain how the policy actions of the Central Bank influence the money stock’   [1] . However, there is more than sufficient evidence to suggest that monetary authorities do not determine the money supply and that the flow of funds approach makes more sense. Consequently, I will compare and contrast the base multiplier and the flow of funds approaches to the determination of money supply and determine which occurs in reality in view of the present economic climate. Under the base multiplier approach, the monetary authority (Bank of England) ‘sets the size of the monetary base, which in turn determines the stock of broad money as a multiple of the base’.   [2]   This process is described below: Ms = Cp + Dc (Equation 1) In the equation above, Ms refers to the broad money supply, Cp refers to private sector (excluding banks) notes and coins and Dc refers to bank deposits. The next equation is for the monetary base (B) is as follows: B = Cb + Db + Cp (Equation 2) In Equation 2, Cb refers to banks’ notes and coins while Db refers to deposits with the Bank of England. Both combined they can be called reserves R and can be substituted into the equation above to form Equation 3. B = R + Cp (Equation 3) The quantity of money can now be expressed as a multiple of the base as follows:   [3]    (Equation 4) The next stage is to divide through by bank deposits to obtain the Equation 5 as follows: If = ÃŽÂ ± and = ÃŽÂ ², then the equation above becomes Equation 6 below: The symbol ÃŽÂ ± is the private sector’s cash ratio, while ÃŽÂ ² represents bank reserves. Under the multiplier approach the money supply equation is then obtained by multiplying both sid es of the equation with the monetary base B. Therefore, Equation 7 becomes: The rationale behind this is that assuming ÃŽÂ ± and ÃŽÂ ² are fixed or stable, the money supply is ‘a multiple of the monetary base and can change only at the discretion of the authorities since the base consists entirely of central bank liabilities. The Flow of Funds approach says that money supplied is determined by open market operations. It presents the opposite view to the multiplier approach as those in favor believe that other factors determine the supply of money, not monetary authorities or policymakers, it looks at the demand for money not just the supply side. They also believe that banks are able to obtain reserves from central banks as required and are not a constraint. Under this approach credit or loans credit by the private sector create deposits and not the other way round as put forward by the base multiplier approach. The flow of funds model of money supply determination is as follows: Ms = Cp + Dc, the same definition of broad money supply as was used in the base multiplier approach (Equation 8) The next equation focuses on the changes in money supply, i.e:

Were the 1920s a period of cultural as well as political conservatism Essay

Were the 1920s a period of cultural as well as political conservatism - Essay Example The US enjoyed much prosperity after World War I and throughout the 1920s until the great depression of 1929. The decade was full of optimism and was termed the ‘roaring twenties’. The decade was marked by conservatism on both the political and cultural level; however it can be shown that there was liberal ideology that also played a part in this historical era. After the war there was a rising intolerance to difference, waspification was at the forefront of a lot of ideology culturally and politically, restrictive immigration laws and prohibition all marked the era. The decade was seen as a decade of serious cultural conflict.On the 18th August 1920 Tennessee became the last state that was required to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment thus giving women the right to vote. A new woman was born and it became more acceptable socially for women to smoke and drink openly in public. It was fashionable for women to cut their hair short, wear makeup which had always been deemed to mean a woman was loose and take risks. These women were known as flappers and jazz was the music that they danced to, a sound that the older generation considered to be wild. In the May edition of the Atlantic Monthly it was written "Flappers trot like foxes, limp like lame ducks, one-step like cripples, and all to the barbaric yawp of strange instruments which transform the whole scene into a moving-picture of a fancy ball in bedlam." 1 The war had generated a generation of men and women who broke free from social norms 1 Baughman, Judith S., ed. American Decades: 1920-1929. New York: Manly, Inc., 1996. and values finding it difficult to return to structured conservative life. 'They found themselves expected to settle down into the humdrum routine of American life as if nothing had happened, to accept the moral dicta of elders who seemed to them still to be living in a Pollyanna land of rosy ideals which the war had killed for them. They couldn't do it, and they very disrespectfully said so.'2 The liberation of the flappers was a stark contrast to the conservative cultural nature of the times. Conservatism was at the forefront of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK), an extreme right movement that encouraged racial discrimination and continues to do so to this day. The KKK originated in the late 1800s and rose again to acute heights in the 1920s. After WWI the economy was booming and the Great Migration of Southern blacks and whites began. The KKK grew rapidly in reaction to the immigrants and migrants. It was enhanced through the labor tensions occurring as men returning from the war were attempting not only to new social norms but reentering the workforce. The KKK a white supremacy organization reacted aggressively and advocated racism, anti-communism- anti-Catholicism, nativism and ant-Semitism. Lynching' and violent attacks on houses of those they opposed was at a height including intimidation through ceremonial cross burning. The KKK used its far right ideology in a tradition of lawlessness. 2 Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1931. The KKK peaked during the 1920s with approximately 4 - 5 million men who believed in this extreme conservative ideology. 3 William J Simmons founded the second KKK in 1915 and under his leadership Klansmen became accuser, judge and jury, tarring and feathering Negroes and white men and women if they were any less conservative than their ideals. Jewish shop keepers were tortured being accused of international financial conspiracies and Catholics were accused of conspiring against the US with their Roman Catholic beliefs.4 The KKK took waspification to the extreme. The organization dwindled with the arrival of the Great depression in 1929 as members stopped paying their dues in a time of financial insecurity

Marketing in Social Media (Facebook) Research Paper

Marketing in Social Media (Facebook) - Research Paper Example Social media is one of the latest marketing aid tools in the commercial sector. Facebook is a popular social network that enables people from all corners of the globe to create respective accounts and communicate to each other regardless the distance. The commercial sector has taken advantage of the popular network to advertise or create awareness of their products among other relevant information. This work focuses on Facebook, one of the most popular social networks, as an advertising tool in the commercial arena. There are over a million commercial pages in Facebook, hence, it is important to incorporate some attractive features to attract more people to the social networking community. The success of communication through Facebook could be measured by the number of likes or comments. Attractive photos or images attached to accounts play a significant role. From a psychological view, a normal human being would always be attracted by unique or colorful images, and this would make o ne read the content of the pages and finally like such pages. Bright colors like yellow, pink and white could be incorporated into the images to attract some attention and this would improve the chances of one to make positive comments or like a page. Business pages could also include the images of popular individuals like famous sportsmen, actors, models and comedians among others. However, it is important to consider all the legal and ethical implications before using anyone’s image; for instance, a company should enter into a contract with a preferred celebrity to have his/her photos used on such pages. People tend to associate themselves with celebrities, hence, more likes and positive comments, which is a good sign of an advert message. The use of simple appealing language could also attract more people to like or comment on such pages. For instance, adverts in Europe could be done in English or French as these are the two most spoken languages in the area (Arvind 19). I t is also important to incorporate current events like sports in such pages. For instance, such pages may contain images of the ongoing confederation cup and rugby sevens world cup among others. The advert information should be short and precise, meaning the core information should be easy to access. Recent business studies of hotel and tourism business in Taiwan recommend the industries to engage in more Facebook adverts to increase more clients or customers. Compared to their counterparts in Europe and other parts of the developed world, Taiwan hotels are not that well known due to poor advert or marketing strategies. The language barrier is another factor limiting effective communications through Facebook. Taiwan hotel market expect more customers from Europe, Africa, North America and South America among others whose main languages are French, English and Portuguese, which are not spoken in Taiwan. However, Taiwan hotel industry could create business pages in their native langua ge but have it translated into other languages to limit the issue of biases ((Hsu 972). The industry could also post images or photos of some of well established hotels among other tourism facilities to attract more clients from all corners of the globe. The pages should be interactive, meaning the clients or customers’ questions or concerns should be answered considering all important details in the most respective ways. The pages should have appropriate passwords to limit hackers from posting non-relevant information that could compromise the image and reputations of such hotels. Facebook has enabled e-commerce in several ways and this could be attributed by the fact that the majority of the youths' access the Facebook pages at

Current Issues in Management and Financial Accounting Essay

Current Issues in Management and Financial Accounting - Essay Example The aim is to show the current issues that are making the two fields different; the current issues related with these fields. According to Lawrence J. Gitman differences between the two, harmonized financial accounting and variables management accounting are shown in this assignment to understand their purpose to deal with the accounting system. Below different factors are given used to develop a clear information to the reader that how the role of these two branches differ. Garrison Noreen mentioned that two approaches accounting differ with each other in respect to financial statements. The financial accounting actually deals with the presentation of financial data where as the management accounting is the management of the accounting and cost within the firm structure. The financial accounting system actually used to make different financial reporting and therefore, the financial accounting standard board has launched different standards that must be taken in consideration while forming the financial statements. That is the reason that the financial accounting system becomes a harmonized system whereas, management accounting do effect on the financial statements but this actually deals with the management of cost structure within the firm. ... ifference between the two approaches is that management accounting uses different forms of cost structure to ensure minimum cost used in the firm where as financial accounting actually deals with structures and reporting that inform that how much cost is incurred by the firm. The management of any firm uses the management accounting to control their cost within different firms where as financial accounting actually seeks the usefulness of such management accounting system. The management of the firm consider mainly on their cost structure so that they can manage their cost structure to gain much benefits in their financial statements. The financial accounting on the other hand has very precise purpose, it helps in forming the financial statements and also helps the firm to provide a better future understanding of their newly projects. They help to know that which project will be better while management accounting helps the management to manage their cost to gain extra. Therefore, the management uses the harmonized and standard financial accounting system to elaborate better financial conditions of the firm. Therefore, management The management accounting uses different standardized cost structures within the firm where as the financial accounting do not have any standardized cost structure that can be used by the firm. The system design of any firm includes the cost structure and cost design of the firm. For instance either the firm is using the job-order processing system and or process order system (Carl S. Warren, James M. Reeve, Philip F. (2005)). These systems define the cost structure of the firm. The firm chooses these management accounting systems according to the use of resources so that they can incur less cost in the firm. Where as, the financial

The Global Service Sector Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Global Service Sector Enterprises - Essay Example There was rapid agricultural and industrial development which was facilitated by the rich reserve of natural resources in the country. In the past few decades, Australia has established itself as an advanced economy and a strong competitor in the international market for goods and services. In the last century, Australia has been named one of the fastest developing economies among the OECD countries. The economic reforms made in the country during the 1980s are a major reason behind such brilliant performance by the economy. It ranks high in the international standards in the indices measuring human development, life expectancy, public literacy level and preservation of fundamental rights of the people. Australia has a non-permanent membership in the United Nations for the year 2013-2014 and is a member of the World Trade Organization since 1995 (Security Council Report, 2012). PESTLE Analysis Several factors originate and exist in the macro scenario of an economy that affects the op erations of the business organizations of the economy. Changes in tax structures, trade barriers, change in government policy, demographic changes and a multitude of new laws implemented as a result of all these changes form parts of the macro-environmental change (Morrison, 2011). We shall use the PESTEL model to analyse these changes in the context of Australia and determine the factors that act as drivers of small and medium enterprises within the country. POLITICAL FACTORS Political factors relates to the extent to which the government interferes into the matters of the economy. The government of Australia is also known as â€Å"the Commonwealth Government† or â€Å"the federal government† (Australia, n.d.). The government body has three divisions; the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The constitution makes no reference to any political party so as to allow the legislature to operate smoothly. Although government policies are a very practical method of affecting business practices directly, they are not always appropriate or effective (The Allen Consulting Group, 2008). Government intervention The Australian Government launches programs from time to time which are aimed at improving the environment for SMEs, promoting their growth and increasing employment levels (The Allen Consulting Group, 2008). It provides grants to the enterprises for developing employee skill and provides support in project planning. It provides advisory support to entrepreneurs for the starting of home-based business and expanding them. However, there are several government policies and regulations which are acting as barriers to business development of the SMEs. The government is taking steps to reduce such regulations and encouraging local governments to help small firms in reducing compliance costs (The Allen Consulting Group, 2008). Consumer protection Rights of the consumers in Australia are protected with utmost sincerity. There is a single consumer law applicable for the entire nation. â€Å"The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission† (Australian government, n.d.) formed in 1995 has the responsibility to look after trade practices, prices and overall consumer benefit. The provision of consumer security makes Australia a safe ground for business activities

Company Culture and Making the Investment Decisions Assignment

Company Culture and Making the Investment Decisions - Assignment Example It may also affect the performance of the organization. However cultural considerations are taken into account more in case of productive physical resources rather than financial investments. Product/Service Quality This is an essential factor to be taken into consideration while making any investment decision. The quality of the invested capital resources has a direct effect on the quality of the products or services of the organization. The least extensive investment resources would be yielding the lowest quality of products or services for the organization. The manager requires balancing between the quality and the cost for maximizing the cost-effectiveness of the investment. In a similar manner let us consider another example- purchase of the lowest quality of vehicle for the on-site workers would result in the interruptions in fluent or efficient services due to vehicle breakdowns or other related problems. If Laurentian Bakeries Inc. purchases lower quality equipment, it would result in the preparation of low quality food products. Thus the company requires finding a balance between the cost and the quality in order to increase the efficiency of the investment. ... It is very important for the manager of Laurentian Bakeries Inc. to consider the impact that the capital investment decision possess in the environment (Albrecht, 2011). Implementation of strategic plans The strategic plans for the first year of the project are identified to be the operating plan for the same. The operating plan is supported by a detailed list of capital projects which are proposed earlier and thus, becomes the basis for the capital allocation of the project. Initiatives are taken to improve the strategic plans and the benefits associated with the company (Jennings, 2006). The managers are also trained in such a way that they can give out proper instructions to their employees and thus, balance the operation efficiently (Porter, 2011). The corporate strategies are also evaluated in order to acquire the successful projects. The companies are evaluated with regard to the challenges that are being faced by them. The tangible actions have to be linked with the corporate vision so that the projects are successful and yield suitable results. The risk-minimizing factors are also evaluated in order to take the right decision for any project. The quantitative factors that are required for the evaluation of the projects of the company are as follows: 1) Net Present Value: Net present value is the difference in between the present value of the total cash inflow and the present value of the total cash outflow. It helps in determining the value of an investment project thereby facilitating the investment decisions.

Intelligence Failure and Politicization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intelligence Failure and Politicization - Essay Example Intelligence failure in the US context is defined by Stephen Marrin as something that has a negative impact on the country’s national security as well as an unpredicted international incident that previously escaped intelligence gathering and came about as a surprise to the international community. An example of this, according to Marrin is the India nuclear weapon test. As can be gleaned, the concept of surprise is allied to the concept of intelligence failure because surprise can only occur as a result of the latter (2004 p. 657). Robert Gates, former CIA head, defined politicization in the context of intelligence operations as involving intentionally distorted analysis or judgment leaning and favouring a certain line of thinking despite insufficient evidence to support it (1992 p. 5). 2.0 Vietnam and the Tet OffensiveThe Vietnam War was a battle between the once French-ruled south and the Communist north. The US’ engagement in the Vietnam War was considered one of th e most controversial ever in its history marked by relentless protests at home and the mind-boggling defeat of its forces in the battlefield. Three of the articles examined by this paper dealt with, amongst others, the US engagement in the Vietnam War and the controversies surrounding the seeming failure of its intelligence units in predicting the extent of the strength of the North Vietnamese forces.James Wirtz’s article â€Å"Intelligence to Please? The Order of Battle Controversy during the War,† dealt with the issue of the controversy.... As can be gleaned, the concept of surprise is allied to the concept of intelligence failure because surprise can only occur as a result of the latter (2004 p. 657). Robert Gates, former CIA head, defined politicization in the context of intelligence operations as involving intentionally distorted analysis or judgment leaning and favouring a certain line of thinking despite insufficient evidence to support it (1992 p. 5). 2.0 Vietnam and the Tet Offensive The Vietnam War was a battle between the once French-ruled south and the Communist north. The US’ engagement in the Vietnam War was considered one of the most controversial ever in its history marked by relentless protests at home and the mind-boggling defeat of its forces in the battlefield. Three of the articles examined by this paper dealt with, amongst others, the US engagement in the Vietnam War and the controversies surrounding the seeming failure of its intelligence units in predicting the extent of the strength of the North Vietnamese forces. James Wirtz’s article â€Å"Intelligence to Please? The Order of Battle Controversy during the War,† dealt with the issue of the controversy of the disparity between the figures cited by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) in the Order of Battle and the ensuing clash between their respective analysts. The most controversial aspect of this controversy was the charge by Sam Adams, a junior CIA analyst, of the existence of â€Å"a conspiracy at the highest levels of American military intelligence† (1991 p. 239), an allegation that became highly publicised and was featured in magazines, television and in a subsequent Senate hearing for that issue. This allegation stemmed